• Learn the optative of the present system and practice with the exercises below.
• Familiarize yourself with the formation and usage of several kinds of verbal adjectives that have a passive construction and a future, potential, or optative meaning.

Before you start, note that optatives and future passive participles can be used with the negative particle na (unlike imperatives).

Also note the use of the suffix vat, put onto the stem of a nominal form, which turns it into an indeclinable form meaning “like x.” For example:

• rāmavac caritavyaṁ na rāvaṇavat “One should act like Rāma, not like Rāvaṇa.”

1. Optatives

Produce the specified form of the requested verb.

1. √grah “take,” 3rd person singular
2. upa+ā+√dā “take,” 3rd person singular
3. √vr̥t “exist,” 3rd person singular
4. ā+√i “come,” 3rd person dual
5. √jñā “know,” 3rd person plural
6. ava+√gam “understand,” 1st person singular
7. √jīv “live,” 2nd person singular
8. pra+√yuj “use,” 2nd person plural
9. pra+√āp “reach,” 2nd person dual
10. √tyaj “relinquish,” 3rd person plural
11. vi+√dhā “create,” 1st person plural
12. pra+√īkṣ “watch,” 2nd person plural
13. √brū “say,” 2nd person singular

2. Future passive participles

1. kēnacit kaścin na hantavyaḥ
2. tasyā ēva pādau vandyau
3. kr̥tajñēbhya ēvaitad dānaṁ dēyam
4. ihaiva bhavatā sthātavyam
5. sādhō na tvayā siṁhēbhyō ’pi bhētavyam
6. ētasya kavēḥ sarvāṇi kāvyāni paṭhitavyāni
7. api dharmō ’dharmō vēti mantavyam
8. ētasminn āsanē bhavatyāsitavyam
9. ēvaṁ kāryam ity avagantavyam
10. svakarmāṇi draṣṭāvyāni parīkṣitavyāni ca
11. yadi mōkṣam āptukāmō ’si tarhi sarvaṁ tyajyam
12. suhr̥t tad anyēbhyō ’vadyam ēvāsti
13. kiṁ karaṇīyam iti matvāmātyēna na kiñcid uktam
14. ātmaiva śrōtavya iti pūrvāṇāṁ gurūṇām upadēśaḥ
15. ētē hēyā iti mātrōktō ’pi taiḥ samagacchata

3. Sanskrit-to-English

1. api jarāhataḥ kavir ētat kāvyaṁ vidadhīta
2. kiṁ kurvīmahīty amātyā anyōnyam apr̥cchan
3. kavinā kathitāni kas tasyāś caritāni na smarēt
4. brūhi ka ātmanaḥ karmaṇāṁ phalāni jānīta
5. mahati kāryē kartavyē cintayitvaiva kuryāt
6. yady ātmanaḥ śabdāñ chr̥ṇuyāt tarhi bhavān avagacchēt
7. anyaiḥ saha rājā nādyād ity upadiśanty amātyāḥ
8. yadi prātā rājñaḥ prāsādaṁ gacchēḥ tarhi sarvāṇi tvaddhr̥dayēṣṭāni sampadyēran
9. purōhitā dānāni labdhukāmā dhanavatō rājñō yajñē yajēyuḥ
10. ya ācāryō bhavitum icchati sō ’nyan nijakāryaṁ tyaktvāhōrātram adhīyīta
    • ahōrātram = ahar + rātriḥ, “day and night”

You should be able to read most of the verses under the liṅ category in readings, but here are a few suggestions:

• Mahābhārataḥ 12.268
• Pañcatantraḥ 1.155
• Kāmandakaḥ 11.52
• Hitōpadēśaḥ 2.49 and (better) Subhāṣitaratnabhāṇḍāgāram 302