trayōdaśādhyāyaḥ
lesson 13
yuṣmadasmadau
Personal Pronouns
The words “I” and “you” in the singular and plural
Personal Pronouns
Nouns and adjectives with multiple stems
Possessive Adjectives
This vocabulary is also available as a Quizlet set.
Possessive adjectives, introduced in this lesson, are often used to express a relationship that is extremely important in Indian philosophy: the relationship between a property (dharmaḥ) and a property-possessor (dharmī). This relationship is critical to inferential cognitions, in the theory of most Indian philosophers: if something (x) possesses a certain property (a) that is known to be invariably concomitant with another property (b), then it is inferred to possess the second property (b). There are different ways of spelling out these relationships, but here is one formulation:
-
parvatō dhūmavān
“The mountain (dharmī) possesses smoke (dharmaḥ)” -
yō yō dhūmavān sō ’gnimān
“Whatever possesses smoke possesses fire” -
yathā mahānasam
“Just like a kitchen”
This statement (the udāharaṇam or example) is used to corroborate the statement of invariable concomitance above. The kitchen possesses both smoke and fire.
-
tasmāt parvatō ’gnimān
“Therefore the mountain possesses fire”
Here are a few resources to help you study:
- First person pronouns on Quizlet
- Second person pronouns on Quizlet
- Note that these two sets do not include the enclitic version of the pronoun in the dual.
- The pronoun bhavat- (honorific second person, used with third person agreement)
1. Personal pronouns
Translate each of the sentences below into Sanskrit, using all of the cases specified in parentheses. Where enclitic forms are available, use both the enclitic and non-enclitic forms. For the verb “greet,” you can use √nam or pra-√nam (first class, parasmaipadi), which takes an accusative, dative, or genitive, or abhi-√vad (first class, parasmaipadi), which takes an accusative or dative, or √vand (first class, ātmanēpadi), which only takes an accusative.
Remember to do external sandhi on these sentences!
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, du.acc/dat/gen.).
- I (sg.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, du.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (du.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, du.acc/dat/gen.).
- We (pl.nom.) greet you (bhavat-, pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (sg.nom.) greet me (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (sg.nom.) greet us (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (sg.nom.) greet us (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (du.nom.) greet me (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (du.nom.) greet us (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (du.nom.) greet us (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (pl.nom.) greet me (sg.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (pl.nom.) greet us (du.acc/dat/gen.).
- You (pl.nom.) greet us (pl.acc/dat/gen.).
2. Possessive adjective formation
Give the specified case-form of each phrase, using possessive adjectives in mat/vat or in. The gender should be that of the noun in parentheses.
- [a mountain] possessing fire (accusative sg.)
- [a mountain] possessing smoke (instrumental sg.)
- [a kitchen] possessing smoke (accusative sg.)
- [a fire] possessing logs (dative sg.)
- [a goddess] possessing power (locative sg.)
- [teachers] possessing students (nominative pl.)
- [forests] possessing trees (nominative pl.)
- [girls] possessing intelligence (accusative du.)
- [soldiers] possessing swords (locative du.)
- [Yama] possessing a noose (genitive sg.)
- [kings] possessing power (locative pl.)
- [a king] possessing old age (locative sg.)
- [a bride] possessing a [good] family (instrumental sg.)
- [a word] possessing a meaning (genitive sg.)
- [a river] possessing banks (ablative sg.)
- [soldiers] possessing arrows (genitive pl.)
- [statements] possessing reasons (ablative pl.)
- [armies] possessing soldiers (nominative du.)
When you have completed these exercises, try the following readings: