• Understand the formation of second-class verbs, in the active voice, in the present and imperfect tenses in Sanskrit and practice them with the exercise below.
• Learn the principles behind the construction of Sanskrit numerals (cardinal and ordinal) and memorize the numerals from 1–10 using the exercise below.
• Understand the formation, inflection, and use of the past active participle.
• Homework: Complete the Sanskrit-to-English translation exercise below.

This vocabulary is also available as a Quizlet set.

Please note the following Quizlet sets:

• as “to be”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
• as “to be”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
• i “to go”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
• i “to go”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
• adhī “to study”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
• adhī “to study”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
• ās “to sit”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
• ās “to sit”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
• numerals up to 50 (+ tens up to 100 + 1000)

Also the following sheets in the big Google Spreadsheet:

• ISO-15919:
  • √as “to be”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √as “to be”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √brū “to speak”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √i “to go”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √i “to go”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √ās “to sit”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √ās “to sit”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √rud “to weep”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √rud “to weep”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √svap “to sleep”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √svap “to sleep”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √vid “to know”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √vid “to know”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
• Dēvanāgarī:
  • √as “to be”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √as “to be”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √brū “to speak”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √brū “to speak”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √i “to go”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √i “to go”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √ās “to sit”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √ās “to sit”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, ātmanēpadam
  • √rud “to weep”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √rud “to weep”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √svap “to sleep”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √svap “to sleep”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √vid “to know”, present tense (laṭ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam
  • √vid “to know”, imperfect tense (laṅ); 2nd class, parasmaipadam

1. Verb practice

Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit, using the verbs that you have learned in this lesson. When the verb is past tense, use the imperfect. Otherwise use the present tense.

1. We (pl.) are here.
2. What are you (pl.) saying?
3. He does not know.
4. She was sleeping.
5. They wept.
6. You (sg.) were sitting there.
7. What are you (sg.) eating?
8. What did I eat?
9. Who knows?
10. She is studying.
11. He is going today.
12. Where did they go?

2. Phrases with numerals

Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit, using the verbs that you have learned in this lesson. Use both genders. You should alternate between vac, brū in the parasmaipadam, and brū in the ātmanēpadam.)

1. One man/woman speaks.
2. Two men/women speak.
3. Three men/women speak.
4. Four men/women speak.
5. Five men/women speak.
6. I speak to (use accusative) one man/woman.
7. You speak to two men/women.
8. We (pl.) speak to three men/women.
9. You (pl.) speak to four men/women.
10. She speaks to five men/women.
11. They (du.) speak to six men/women.
12. They (pl.) speak to a hundred men/women.

3. Sanskrit-to-English translation

1. tvaṁ kiṁ kr̥tavatīty abravīt
2. kiṁ vidanti tē puruṣāḥ
3. yūyaṁ rāmacaritaṁ smr̥tavantō na vā
4. ēkē śiṣyāḥ satatam adhīyata ēka ēva tu paṭhituṁ samarthō ’sti
5. sītē kvāsīti matvā satatam arōdīd rāmaḥ
6. ahaṁ tāṁs trīn puruṣān suptān dr̥ṣṭvā gurugr̥haṁ gatvā taṁ kathitavān
7. dvē satyē sta iti bruvatē bauddhāḥ
   • bauddhā- = “Buddhists” (lit. those associated with the Buddha)
8. nēti bruvanti naiyāyikāḥ ēkam ēva satyam astīti manyantē
   • naiyāyika- = “logicians” (lit. followers of the system of Nyāya produced by Akṣapāda Gautama)
9. jainācāryās tv ēvaṁ vadanti naikaṁ satyaṁ na ca dvē satyē satyaṁ tu vividham asti
   • jaina- = “Jains” (lit. followers of the Jina, i.e., Mahāvīra)
10. kutracid agatvā kiñcid anuktvā kēvalaṁ tatrāsatē
11. brahmadēvasya pañca mukhāny āsan
    • brahmadēva- the god Brahma
12. yadaikaṁ mukhaṁ śivō ’kr̥ntat tadā brahmadēvasya catvāry ēva mukhāny āsan
    • kr̥t- cut (a sixth class verb)
    • śiva- the god Śiva