Video Lessons

Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. No superheavy syllables
  3. Only homorganic conjuncts
  4. Stop and sibilant conjuncts
  5. Palatalization
  6. The speech-sounds of Prakrit
  7. The beginning and the end of the word
  8. Intervocalic lenition
  9. Masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives
  10. Feminine nouns and adjectives
  11. Present tense verbs
  12. Future tense verbs
  13. The imperative and optative
  14. Pronouns
  15. The past tense
  16. How to read a verse

1. Introduction slides

2. No superheavy syllables slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by applying the constraint on superheavy syllables:

  1. kāvyam → kāvvaṁ →
  2. śāstram → sātthaṁ →
  3. mārjanam → mājjaṇaṁ →
  4. prāktanam → pāttaṇaṁ →
  5. vibhājyam → vibhājjaṁ →
  6. paṅktiḥ → panttiḥ →
  7. ākāṅkṣā → ākāṅkkhā →
  8. mandram → manddaṁ →
  9. maṅkṣu → maṅkkhu →
  10. sākṣī → sākkhī →
  1. rāmaḥ ēva → rāmō ccia →
  2. rāmaḥ iva → rāmō vva →
  3. sītā ēva → sīā ccia →
  4. sītā iva → sīā vva →

3. Only homorganic conjuncts slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by applying the constraint on homorganic consonant clusters (and the constraint on superheavy syllables, where appropriate):

  1. śaktaḥ → saktō →
  2. parṇaḥ → parṇō →
  3. śūnyaḥ → sūnyō →
    • Note that Prakrit only has the nasals ṇ and m.
  4. śakraḥ → sakrō →
  5. indraḥ → indrō →
  6. arkaḥ → arkō →
  7. vākyam → vākyaṁ →
  8. āptaḥ → āptō →
  9. arghyam → arghyaṁ →
  10. bhaktam → bhaktaṁ →
  11. sarpaḥ → sarpō →

4. Stop and sibilant conjuncts slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by changing sibilant + stop conjuncts to the required form:

  1. śāstram → sāsttaṁ →
  2. pakṣaḥ → pakṣō →
  3. skhalati → skhalaï →
  4. taskaraḥ → taskarō →
  5. āspadam → āspaaṁ →
  6. bhakṣati → bhakṣaï →
  7. āścaryam → āścēraṁ →
  8. pustakam → postaaṁ →
  9. puṣpam → puṣpaṁ →
  10. vismarati → vismaraï →
  11. niṣpandaḥ → ṇiṣpandō →
  12. snāpanam → snāvaṇaṁ →
  13. īpsitam → īpsiaṁ →
  14. kṣarati → kṣaraï →
  15. -akṣī → -akṣī →

5. Palatalization slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by changing dental + y conjuncts to the corresponding palatal stops:

  1. atyunmadaḥ → atyummaō →
  2. adhyāhāraḥ → adhyāhārō →
  3. dhyāyati → dhyāaï →
  4. tathyam → tathyaṁ →
  5. pathyam → pathyaṁ →
  6. padyam → padyaṁ →
  7. krudhyati → kudhyaï →

6. The speech-sounds of Prakrit slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by replacing speech-sounds that do not belong in Prakrit with their equivalents:

  1. nāgaḥ → nāō →
  2. anādaraḥ → anāarō →
  3. śiṣyaḥ → śīṣō →
  4. śīrṣaḥ → śīṣō →
  5. varṣaḥ → vāṣō →
  6. śatam → śaaṁ →
  7. anyathā → annahā →
  8. kauravāḥ → kauravā →
  9. daurbalyam → dauvvallaṁ →
  10. daurgatyam → dauggaccaṁ →
  11. śailūṣaḥ → śailūṣō →
  12. saikatam → saiaaṁ →
  13. mr̥gaḥ → mr̥ō →
  14. prāvr̥ṣ- → pāvr̥sō →
  15. vr̥ttam → vr̥ttaṁ →
  16. r̥tuḥ → r̥dū →

7. The beginning and the end of the word slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by making the necessary changes at the beginning and the end of the word:

  1. srak → ssaā →
  2. pravartatē → ppavaṭṭaï →
  3. yacchati → yacchaï →
  4. yādr̥k → yārisō →
  5. tāvat →
  6. samyak → sammak →
  7. tat →

8. Intervocalic lenition slides

Exercises

Complete the derivation of the following Prakrit words by performing the appropriate lenition on single intervocalic consonants:

  1. subhaga →
  2. sakhi →
  3. dūtī →
  4. pūjā →
  5. bhāgaḥ → bhāgō →
  6. ambudaḥ → ambudō →
  7. pataṅgaḥ → pataṅgō →
  8. nābhiḥ → nābhī →
  9. tathāvidaḥ → tathāviō →
  10. vyādhaḥ → vādhō →
  11. śāpaḥ → sāpō →
  12. bhagavatī →
  13. dīpaḥ → dīpō →
  14. bhavati → hōti →
  15. sadanam → sadaṇaṁ →
  16. vacanam → vacaṇaṁ →
  17. arbhaka → abbhaka →
  18. nayanam → ṇayaṇaṁ →
  19. mr̥gāṅkaḥ → migaṅkō →
  20. sampuṭaḥ → sampuṭō →
  21. viṭaḥ → viṭō →

9. Masculine and Neuter Nouns and Adjectives slides

Exercises

Practice producing all of the inflected forms of the following stems:

  1. halia- “farmer, ploughman” masc. (≈ halika-)
  2. taruṇa- “young man” masc (= Sanskrit)
  3. potthaa- “book, manuscript” neut. (≈ pustaka-)
  4. puppha- “flower” neut. (≈ puṣpa-)

Identify the number and case of the following words, listing all possibilities:

  1. purisē (≈ puruṣa- “man”)
  2. uppalāi (≈ utpala- “lotus”)
  3. pattharā (≈ prastara- “rock”)
  4. lēṇēhintō (≈ layana- “cell”)
  5. ghōrē (= Sanskrit)
  6. paī (≈ pati- “husband”)
  7. pīlūō (= Sanskrit)
  8. hariṇō (= Sanskrit)

10. Feminine Nouns and Adjectives slides

Exercises

Practice producing all of the inflected forms of the following stems:

  1. bālā- “girl” fem. (= Sanskrit)
  2. paṇṇā- “wisdom” fem. (wisdom” fem. (≈ prajñā-)
  3. juvaī- “young woman” fem. (≈ yuvati-)
  4. savvarī- “night” fem. (≈ śarvarī-)

Identify the number and case of the following words, listing all possibilities:

  1. dēvīe (= Sanskrit)
  2. diṭṭhīo (≈ dr̥ṣṭi- “glance”)
  3. buddhī (= Sanskrit)
  4. rattīhi (≈ rātrī- “night”)
  5. paümiṇīō (≈ padminī- “lotus pond”)
  6. dhārāṇa (= Sanskrit)

11. Present Tense Verbs slides

Exercises

Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense, giving all six forms:

  1. kuṇa- “make/do” (≈ √kr̥)
  2. kīra- “is made/is done” (≈ √kr̥ passive)
  3. hō- “be/become” (≈ √bhū)
  4. sāha- “tell” (≈ √śās)
  5. rēha- “appear” (≈ √rēbh)
  6. dīsa- “appear” (≈ √dr̥ś spassive)
  7. karāvē- “cause to do/cause to make” (≈ √kr̥ causative)
  8. dē- “give” (≈ √dā)
  9. rua- “weep” (≈ √rud)
  10. peccha- “look” (≈ pra-√īkṣ)

12. The Future Tense slides

13. The Imperative and Optative slides

14. Pronouns slides

15. The Past Tense slides

16. How to Read a Verse slides